Constructing "Qur'anic Diplomacy" at Khamenei's State Funeral: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Sacred Text, Media Framing, And Geopolitical Signaling

Authors

  • Akmal Fajri Universitas Al Washliyah Darussalam Banda Aceh Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.65427/puscen.v2i1.24

Keywords:

Critical Discourse Analysis, Qur'anic Rhetoric, Religious Soft Power, Symbolic Diplomacy, Iran

Abstract

This study investigates how the notion of "Qur'anic diplomacy" was discursively constructed around differentiated Qur'anic recitations during the July 2026 state funeral ceremonies for Iran's late Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Rather than presuming that each recitation constituted an officially designed diplomatic message, the article treats the episode as a mediated discourse event in which sacred text, ritual sequencing, journalistic framing, and geopolitical knowledge interacted to produce political meaning. The corpus comprises six media texts published between 3 and 6 July 2026 and eight reported verse-delegation pairings, analyzed through Fairclough's three-dimensional Critical Discourse Analysis and van Dijk's socio-cognitive approach. A source-confidence protocol distinguishes verified event facts, reported textual pairings, media interpretations, and scholarly geopolitical inference. The analysis identifies three dominant semantic frames - resistance and steadfastness, calibrated affiliation, and admonition or distance - but shows that their diplomatic force depends on recontextualization rather than on lexical meaning alone. Cross-source comparison also reveals uneven evidentiary stability, most clearly in competing reports concerning Hezbollah. The article contributes the concepts of mediated symbolic diplomacy and evidentiary layering to research on religion, discourse, and international communication. It concludes that Qur'anic recitation can acquire diplomatic salience through ritual placement and media circulation, while claims of intentional state signaling must remain provisional without official documentation or systematic audiovisual verification.

 

Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana gagasan "diplomasi Al-Qur'an" dibentuk secara diskursif melalui pelaporan tentang bacaan ayat Al-Qur'an yang berbeda bagi sejumlah delegasi dalam rangkaian pemakaman kenegaraan Pemimpin Tertinggi Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, pada Juli 2026. Alih-alih mengasumsikan bahwa setiap bacaan merupakan pesan diplomatik resmi yang dirancang negara, penelitian memandang peristiwa tersebut sebagai peristiwa wacana termediatisasi yang mempertemukan teks suci, urutan ritual, framing jurnalistik, dan pengetahuan geopolitik. Korpus penelitian terdiri atas enam teks media yang terbit pada 3-6 Juli 2026 dan delapan pasangan ayat-delegasi yang dilaporkan. Analisis menggunakan model tiga dimensi Norman Fairclough dan pendekatan sosial-kognitif Teun A. van Dijk, disertai protokol tingkat kepercayaan sumber yang membedakan fakta peristiwa terverifikasi, pasangan ayat yang dilaporkan, interpretasi media, dan inferensi geopolitik akademik. Temuan menunjukkan tiga bingkai semantik dominan: perlawanan dan keteguhan, afiliasi diplomatik yang terukur, serta teguran atau jarak politik. Namun, daya diplomatik ayat tidak berasal dari makna leksikal semata, melainkan dari proses rekontekstualisasi. Perbandingan lintas sumber juga menunjukkan ketidakstabilan bukti, terutama dalam laporan tentang Hizbullah. Studi ini menawarkan konsep diplomasi simbolik termediatisasi dan pelapisan evidensi sebagai kontribusi metodologis bagi kajian agama, wacana, dan komunikasi internasional. Klaim mengenai intensi politik negara tetap harus bersifat tentatif tanpa dokumentasi resmi atau verifikasi audiovisual yang sistematis.

 

تبحث هذه الدراسة في الكيفية التي تشكّل بها مفهوم «الدبلوماسية القرآنية» خطابيا حول تالوة آيات مختلفة من القرآن الكريم أثناء مراسم الجنازة الرسمية للمرشد الأعلى الإيراني الراحل آية الله علي خامنئي في يوليو/تموز 2026. ولا تفترض الدراسة مسبقا أن كل تلاوة كانت رسالة دبلوماسية رسمية مقصودة، بل تتعامل مع الحدث بوصفه واقعة خطابية وسيطية تتفاعل فيها قدسية النص، وتسلسل الطقس، والتأطير الإعلامي، والمعرفة الجيوسياسية لإنتاج المعنى السياسي. تتكون المدونة من ستة نصوص إعلامية منشورة بين 3 و6 يوليو/تموز 2026 وثمانية اقترانات مبلّغ عنها بين آيات ووفود. وتعتمد الدراسة نموذج نورمان فيركلاف ثلاثي الأبعاد في تحليل الخطاب النقدي والمنظور الاجتماعي المعرفي لتيو فان دايك، مع بروتوكول لتقدير موثوقية الأدلة يميز بين وقائع الحدث المتحققة، والاقترانات النصية المبلّغ عنها، والتفسيرات الإعلامية، والاستدلالات الجيوسياسية الأكاديمية. تكشف النتائج ثلاثة أطر دلالية رئيسة: المقاومة والثبات، والتقارب الدبلوماسي المحسوب، والعتاب أو المسافة السياسية. وتبين الدراسة أن الدلالة الدبلوماسية لا تنبع من المعنى المعجمي للآيات وحده، بل من إعادة سياقها داخل الطقس والتغطية الإعلامية. كما تكشف المقارنة بين المصادر تفاوتا في ثبات الأدلة، ولا سيما في التقارير المتعلقة بحزب الله. وتقترح الدراسة مفهومي «الدبلوماسية الرمزية الوسيطية» و«طبقات الأدلة» إسهاما في دراسة الدين والخطاب والاتصال الدولي، مع التأكيد أن نسبة القصد السياسي المباشر إلى الدولة تظل مؤقتة ما لم تدعمها وثائق رسمية أو أدلة سمعية بصرية منهجية.

 

References

Achmad, Z. (2023). Formasi dan negosiasi ideologi dalam naskah Hikayat Prang Gompeni: Analisis hegemoni Gramsci. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v3i1.2405

Ahmad, M. I. (2021). Representasi semiotika Roland Barthes dalam syair ‘Ahinnu Ila Khubzi Ummi’ karya Mahmoud Darwish. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 1(2), 247–267. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v1i2.1232

Anestia, Y., & Wahyudi, J. (2025). The spirit of seeking knowledge in the poem ‘Safir Tajid ‘Iwadan ‘Amman Tufariquhu’: A rhetorical analysis and hermeneutic of Imam Syafi’i’s work. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 5(2), 192–202.

Azizah, F. N., Anggraini, F., & Nurdiani, E. (2025). The value of romanticism in the poetry stanzas on the Instagram account @fatimahjufry01: Semiotic analysis Charles Sanders Peirce. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 5(2), 203–215.

Diantika, D. E., Mufid, M., & Kholid, A. A. (2025). Representation of the meaning of love in the song ‘Wa Ana Ma‘aka’. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 5(2), 227–244.

Fajri, A. (2021). Sudut pandang tematik dalam puisi ‘Kita Adalah Pemilik Sah Republik Ini’ karya Taufiq Ismail dan ‘At-Ta’syiirah’ karya Nizar Qabbani. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 1(2), 268–279. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v1i2.1233

Fajri, A., & Zulhelmi, A. (2023). Positives and negatives of globalization in the Arabic language. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 3(2), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v3i2.2361

Hamdiyati, S. R. (2021). Analisis hegemoni Gramsci dalam cerpen ‘Adam Ma’rifat’ karya Danarto. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 1(2), 186–191. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v1i2.1228

Hikmah, M. W., & Purnamawati, Z. (2026). Stylistic devices of social criticism in the poetry of Gus Mus and Hasan al-Zaky. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 6(1), 114–133. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v6i1.8280

Maghfirah, R., Zulkhairi, Zulhelmi, A., & Zulhelmi. (2025). Objects in Pierce’s triangle theory in Juha wal Malik comic by Syawqi Hasan. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 5(2), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v5i2.6260

Nazar, M., Febrianisa, S., & Karomah, S. (2026). Symbolic resistance of the subaltern in Palestine in the novel Rijal fi Asy-Syams by Ghassan Kanafani: Postcolonial approach of Gayatri C. Spivak. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 6(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v6i1.7792

Obaidullah, Fajri, A., & Rohmah, L. (2022). Pandangan Abdul Qahir al-Jurjani terhadap al-fashahah dalam kitab Dala’il al-I’jaz. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v2i1.1488

Salbiah, R., & Idris, M. (2022). Jenis-jenis makna dan perubahannya. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 2(1), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v2i1.1482

Shohib, M. I., Warda, Z., & Rohayu, L. (2024). Kana wa akhwatuha dalam Al-Qur’an Surat Maryam. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 4(1), 68–80.

Siregar, J., & Agustiar. (2024). Stilistika Al-Qur’an: Suatu analisis linguistik. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 4(2), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v4i2.5132

Siregar, S. H., & Fahriany. (2024). Perlawanan bangsa Palestina dalam lagu Zalzil Amna Israel karya grup Nashid Fariq Wa’d: Kajian semiotika Charles Sanders Peirce. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 4(1), 23–32.

Sofyan, Z., & Yuhamar. (2021). Retorika bahasa politik Presiden Joko Widodo dalam Mata Najwa edisi Jokowi diuji pandemi: Pendekatan sosiolinguistik. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 1(2), 164–185. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v1i2.1227

Sumardi, S., Trisnady, I. A., & Sofyan, Z. (2024). Balaghah ar-ritsa’ fii syair al-Khanasa’ min nihayah al-lafdhi wa al-ma’ani. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 4(1), 56–67.

Zubaidah, S., & Hasaniyah, N. (2025). Media power and the construction of reality: A critical discourse analysis using Teun A. van Dijk’s model on the news of the exploding pager on Al Jazeera Net. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 5(2), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v5i2.7649

Zulhelmi, A., & Pamusti, D. D. (2022). The psychological struggle in the song ‘Give Us Childhood’ by Remy Bandali: The study of literary psychology. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 2(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v2i1.1494

Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2004). The Qur'an: A new translation. Oxford University Press.

Ahmad, H., & Ghafar, N. A. (2025). Stylistic variation and linguistic strategies in Quranic discourse: A rhetorical, phonetic, and translational analysis. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 9(4), 5957-5964. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.90400426

Akbar, A. (2025). The contribution of Astane Quds-e Razavi to Iran's soft power projection. Middle East Critique, 34(1), 65-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2024.2312752

Al-Suyuti, J. (2003). Al-Itqan fi "Ulum al-Qur'an. Dar al-Hadith.

Bulgini, M. I. (2026). Jihad as discourse: The Houthi movement's official rhetoric on the 2023-2024 Red Sea attacks. Journal of Terrorism Studies, 8(1), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.7454/jts.v8i1.10100

Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press.

Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Longman.

Ghardashkhani, G., Golz, O., & Schwartz, K. L. (2024). Introduction: Propagandas, cultural production, and negotiating ideology in Iran. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 51(2), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2024.2342186

Hobbs, M., Li, M., Huang, Z. A., & Desmoulins, L. (2025). Storytelling and grand strategy in public diplomacy: A case study of the speeches of President Xi Jinping. Public Relations Review, 51(4), 102594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2025.102594

Ibrahim, M. F. (2024). Iran after Mahsa Amini's death: Revisiting the discourse of religious authority in Islam. Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora, 25(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.23917/humaniora.v25i1.23390

Iran International. (2026, July 3). Saudi delegation's Khamenei tribute overshadowed by controversial Quran verse. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202607030430

Kelkitli, F. A. (2024). Battling for hearts and minds: Sources of Turkish, Iranian, and Saudi soft power in the Middle East. Digest of Middle East Studies, 33, 245-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12328

Mamedov, I., & Jackson, L. B. (2025). Instrumentalising Islam: The religious soft power strategies of China, Russia, and the US. Review of International Studies, First View, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210525101149

Mukul, S. (2026, July 6). At Khamenei's funeral, did Iran use Quran verses to convey messages to countries? India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/iran-quran-verses-khamenei-funeral-foreign-delegations-india-saudi-arabia-china-hamas-2941571-2026-07-06

Mursyid, A. Y., AlBaihaqi, M. D., & Murtafi'ah, A. R. (2024). Politics and pluralism: Analyzing state official tafsir and interfaith discourse in Indonesia. Jurnal Studi Ilmu-ilmu Al-Qur'an dan Hadis, 25(1), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.14421/qh.v25i1.5379

Nasirin, N., Julianto, T. A., Hidayat, M., & Nasri, U. (2025). A critical discourse analysis of Qur'anic exegesis: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Unity in Diversity). Tanzil: Jurnal Studi Al-Quran, 8(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.20871/tjsq.v8i1.457

Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. PublicAffairs.

Reuters. (2026, July 4). Mass grief in Iran at Khamenei funeral after US, Israel war killing. Reuters.

Rivetti, P. (2024). The reception of Iran's state propaganda by the Italian far right: Recasting the diffusion of authoritarian discourse and narratives. Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 54(1), 36-53. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2023.18

Sinaiee, M. (2026, July 5). Tailored Quran verses at Khamenei funeral spark diplomatic debate. Iran International. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202607041849

van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. Sage.

van Dijk, T. A. (2006). Discourse and manipulation. Discourse & Society, 17(3), 359-383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506060250

van Dijk, T. A. (2008). Discourse and context: A sociocognitive approach. Cambridge University Press.

Wintour, P. (2026, July 5). Iran seeks to tighten control over Strait of Hormuz alongside Khamenei funeral. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jul/05/iran-control-strait-of-hormuz-ali-khamenei-funeral

Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (Eds.). (2016). Methods of critical discourse studies (3rd ed.). Sage.

Yani, I. F. (2026, July 5). Ayat Al-Qur'an ini dibacakan untuk delegasi negara di pemakaman Khamenei. detikHikmah. https://www.detik.com/hikmah/khazanah/d-8560915/ayat-al-quran-ini-dibacakan-untuk-delegasi-negara-di-pemakaman-khamenei

Ziv, T. (2024). A spiritual call: The courses of action taken by individuals influenced by religious soft power. Politics and Religion, 17(2), 276-295. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048324000099

Published

2026-08-11

Issue

Section

Articles